FUNCTIONAL
SKILL
1. Offering Help
There are a number of
formulas used when offering help in English. Here are some of the most common:
·
May I help you?
·
Can I help you?
·
Are you looking for something?
·
Would you like some help?
·
Do you need some help?
·
What can I do for you today?
·
Could I help you?
·
How can I be of assistance to you?
·
How can I be of help to you?
·
What can I help you - What can I do for you?
·
How can I assist you?
·
How can I help you?
·
Let me help you?
·
Do you want me to help you?
·
Shall I …?
Respond offering help
Receiving
|
Refusing
|
·
Yes please, Sure,
·
Why not,
·
Ofcourse,
·
Certainly,
·
I’d love to,
·
It’s a good idea,
·
That’s great.
|
·
No, thanks,
·
Please don’t bother,
·
I’d love to but…,
·
That’s great but…
|
Some ways to offering help for meals and drinks:
·
Would you like…?,
·
Would you care for …?,
·
Why don’t you have…?,
·
How about having …?
·
May I offer you …?
Example:
Offering
|
Responses
|
- Would you
like some bread?
|
Yes, please.
|
- Would you
care for some coffee?
|
No, thanks.
I don’t drink coffee.
|
- Why don’t
you have some biscuit, please?
|
Thanks, I’d
love to.
|
2. Introducing your self and other people
Introducing your self
|
Introducing people
|
·
I’d like to introduce myself.
·
My I introduce myself?
·
Let me introduce myself!
·
I want to introduce myself
|
·
I’d like you to meet … (name)
·
This is my friend/boss/etc…(name)
·
Have you met…(name)?
·
May I introduce you to …(name/occupation)
·
Let me introduce you to ….
·
I want to introduce you to ….
|
1. This is my friend,
Jack.
Hi Jack. I'm Linda
my brother,
Bob.
my sister,
Cindy.
my father,
Mr. Harris.
my mother,
Mrs. Harris.
my
teacher, Ms. Watson.
my
student, Carrie.
my friend,
Mary Jones.
my boss,
Mr. Ritter.
my
co-worker, Penny Pitcher.
2. Nice to meet
you.
Nice to meet
you too.
Pleased to meet you. Likewise.
Very nice to meet you. And you.
It's a pleasure to meet you.
Very nice to meet you. And you.
It's a pleasure to meet you.
How to introduce people (in
formal situations)
Introducing
yourself
|
|
I
just wanted to introduce myself,
I don't believe we've met before, I don't think we've actually met formally yet, |
my name is...
I'm... |
Introducing
someone else
|
|
I'd like to
introduce you to…
There's someone I'd like you to meet, this is… Have you met…? |
|
Exercises:
Complete the following conversation with the correct
expressions in the box.
Hi, Retno. My name is Adib.
this is Retno. I’m
Arnys.
|
Situation: Adib,
Arnys, and Retno are new students. They meet at the students’ orientation
course.
Adib
: Hi, Are you a new student?
Arnys
: Yes, I am. By the way, are you a new
student, too?
Adib
: I’m a new student too. 1)
______________________
Arnys
: 2) _________________ Well, Adib, 3)
__________________
She
was my classmate in the Junior High School.
Adib
: 4) ________________ Nice to meet
you?
Retno
: Nice to meet you too.
Adib : Anyway, we still have half an hour
before the class starts. Shall we go to the canteen?, Arnys?
Retno
: Okay.
3. Greeting (memberi salam)
Greetings
|
Language in the programme
|
||
Good |
morning
|
sir
madam Mr Jones Mrs Smith |
How are you?
It's lovely to see you again! It's been a long time, hasn't it? How are things with you? |
afternoon
|
|||
evening
|
|||
Examples of
situations where you might use formal greetings
|
Working in the
service industry, e.g. a restaurant, hotel, travel agent
Greeting someone older than you At work, when speaking to your superiors Meeting a VIP e.g. a politician Being polite to someone you don't know very well |
Expressions
|
Functions
|
·
Good morning/afternoon/evening.
(formal)
·
Hi!/Hello! (informal)
|
·
Greeting someone
|
·
How are you, Den?
·
How are you doing
|
·
Asking how someone is
|
·
I’m fi ne, thanks.
·
Very well, thanks.
·
Not so bad, thanks.
|
·
Saying how you are
|
·
See you.
·
Good bye.
·
Bye.
·
See you soon /later /tomorrow.
|
·
Saying good bye
|
|
Complete the
dialogues below with correct
expressions.
1) Arnys : …
Ruben : Very well,
thank you.
2) Ayu : Good evening.
Denias : …
3) Andi : How are you doing?
Retno : …
4) Adib : See you tomorrow.
Virga : …
5) Anita : Hi!
Marcell : …
4. Inviting (mengundang/mengajak)
·
Do you want to . . .
·
Do you wanna . . . (informal)
·
Would you like to . . . (more polite)
·
How about (V+ing) ?
·
How would you like to . . .
·
let’s + V1
·
Why don’t we …?
·
I’d like to invite you to…
·
I wonder if you’d like to
Some responds of
inviting.
Refusing
|
Receiving
|
- I’m sorry
I can’t
- I’d like
to but…
- I’m afraid
I can’t
- No, let’s
not.
|
- I’d love
to
- I’d like
very much
- I’d be
happy/glad to
accept
- Yes, I’d
be delighted to.
- That’s
good ide
|
Polite invitations
Checking someone is not busy
|
|
Are you free on Friday?
Are you busy on Friday?
What are you doing on Friday?
|
|
Would you like...?
|
|
Would you like
|
...a chocolate bar?
|
...to come to my house for dinner?
|
|
I wondered / was wondering
|
|
I wondered
|
...if you'd like to come to my house for dinner
|
I was wondering
|
|
Other expressions
|
|
I would very much like it if you could come along
Shall I bring a bottle?
|
|
5. Expressing Thanks (terimakasih)
Here
are some sample phrases and sentences for expressing thanks.
Expressing
|
Responses
|
Thank you
Thank you
very much
Thanks.
Thank you
very much for… (kata benda)
I’m grateful
for…(kata benda/noun)
I
appreciate it.
|
You are
welcome.
That’s all
right
Not at all
Don’t
mention it
Thet’s all right
Any time
|
Exercise
How
would you express thanks in the following situations?
a) Someone just gave you a gift for
your birthday.
(What do you say?)
(What do you say?)
Example: "Thank you so
much. I really like it!"
b) Someone has just bought dinner for
you.
c) Someone returned your lost wallet.
d) Someone helped carry your grocery
bags.
e) Someone complimented you on your
necktie.
6. Congratulations (ucapan selamat)
Ungkapan
|
Respon
|
Congratulations
Congratulations
on …
I’d like to
congratulate you.
I’d like to
congratulate you on…
It was great
to hear…
It was to
hear about….
Happy
birthday to you.
Happy new
year.
Good luck!
Have a nice
holiday
|
Thank you
Thank you
and the same to you
Thank you. I
need it.
Thank you
very much.
|
Expression
|
Function
|
·
You look cute with
that hat.
|
Complimenting
|
·
Congratulations!
|
Congratulating
|
·
Thank you for saying
so.
·
Thank you.
|
Responding to compliments and congratulations
|
Other
expression
Expression
|
Function
|
·
What a …!
·
That’s a very nice …
·
I like your …
|
Complimenting
|
·
Congratulations on
winning …
·
I’d like to congratulate you on …
·
I must congratulate you on your …
·
Well done.
|
Congratulating
|
·
Thanks.
·
Oh, not really.
·
It’s nice of you to say so.
·
How kind of you to say so.
|
Responding to compliments and congratulations
|
Special Days - Social Language
It is common to use a special
greeting used just for that occasion on special days, holidays and other
special occasions. Here are some of the most common:
Birthdays
·
Happy birthday!
·
Best wishes / Good luck on your thirtieth (age -
use an ordinal number) birthday!
·
Many happy returns!
Wedding /
Anniversary
·
Congratulations!
·
Best wishes / good luck on your tenth (number -
use an ordinal number) anniversary!
·
Here's to many more happy years together (used
when making a toast)
Special Holidays
·
Merry Christmas!
·
Happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan
etc.
·
All the best for a happy New Year / Easter /
Hanukkah / Ramadan etc.
·
When making special greetings to children on
their birthday and at Christmas, it is also common to ask them what they
received:
·
Merry Christmas! What did you get from Santa
Claus?
·
Happy Birthday! What did your Daddy get for you?
Special Occasions
·
Congratulations on your promotion!
·
All the best for your ...
·
I'm so proud of you!
7. Sympathy (menyatakan rasa simpati)
A.
Expressing of sympathy on minor
a. What’s shame
b. What’s pity
c. That’s a nuisance
d. That’s too bad
e. That’s pity
f. Oh dear
B. Expressing
of sympathy on serious accident
a. Goodness!
b. How terrible!
c. How Awful!
d. How dreadful!
C. Expressing
of sympathy on personal circumstances
a. I’m sorry to hear that
b. I’m sorry about that
c. I’m really sorry for them
d. Please accept my deepest
sympathy
e. Send my deepest condolence!
f. Please accept my
condolences!
8. Pleasure, Displeasure (senang & tidak senang)
Pleasure/senang
|
Displeasure/tidak senang
|
·
It’s really delightful/Iam delighted
·
I’m satisfied
·
That’s great
·
That’s wonderful
·
It’s really a great pleasure
|
·
I’m dissatisfied
·
We are fed up with…
·
I feel dosappointed
·
She is extremely displeased
|
Other expressions
Expression Pleasure
|
Expression Displeasure
|
a.
I’m so
happy ….
b.
I feel
….
c.
How happy
to …
d.
I’m very
pleasure with …
e.
It’s a
pleasure to …
f.
Pleasure
g.
Great!
h.
Terrific!
i.
I’m
pleased.
j.
I
enjoyed it
k.
I love
it.
l.
It was
terrifi c.
m.
I’m
delighted.
|
a. I feel …
b. I’m really sad to …
c. ….. feel unpleased with ….
d. I feel disappointed.
|
9. Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction ( kepuasan, ketidakpuasan)
Ketika kita akan
mengungkapkan kepuasan atas kerja seseorang, kita dapat gunakan ungkapan:
- Well done!
- Great! Good work
- I am satisfied with your work
- You did well
- Your job is satisfactory
- I am so happy about this
- I’m glad to what you’ve done
- It’s really satisfying
Katika kita akan
mengungkapkan ketidakpuasan atas kerja seseorang, kita dapat gunakan:
- I’m not satisfied with work
- You haven’t done well enough
- I am really dissappointed
- Sorry, but your work is not satisfactory
- Oh, no!
- It’s not very nice
- It’s really not good enough
Informal situation
|
|
Satisfaction
|
Dissatisfaction
|
… very pleased with …
… content with …
… satisfi ed with …
… very delighted with …
|
… displeased with …
… discontented with …
… dissatisfi ed with …
… disappointed with …
|
Formal situation
|
|
Satisfaction
|
Dissatisfaction
|
Super!
Great!
Terrifi c!
Fantastic!
Smashing!
|
Horrible!
Very sad!
Annoying!
Disappointing!
Frustrating!
|
10. Asking & Giving Opinion (meminta & memberi pendapat)
Asking Opinion
|
Giving
opinion
|
How was the
trip?
How do you
like your new house?
How do you
think of Rina’s idea?
How do you
feel about this dicition?
What is your
opinions of the movie?
What are
your feelings about it?
|
I think
(that)….
In my
opinion….
As I see, …
If you ask
me, I feel…
|
Other
examples
Those expressions are
used to ask for opinions.
What do you think of this refrigerator?
So, do you think I should buy those florescent light bulbs?
Those expressions are
used to give opinions.
I think the other one’s better.
In my opinion, you should buy the florescent
light bulbs.
Here are other
expressions that you can also use:
Asking Opinion
|
Giving opinion
|
·
What is your
opinion?
·
What do you think
of...?
·
How do you feel
about…?
·
How do you see …?
|
I think …
I believe …
I feel …
It seems to me …
|
11. Agreement/approval, Disagreement/disapproval (setuju, tidak setuju)
Ketika kita merasa
sependapat dengan opini orang lain, kita bisa mengatakan:
·
So do I
·
Yes, I agree with you
·
It is certainly
·
Exactly
·
That’s what I want to say
·
I am with you
·
I am on your side
·
Yes, I agree
·
That’s quite true
·
You’re absolutely right!
·
I’m of exactly the same opinion
·
I think so
·
I go along that line
·
I agree completely
·
That's true.
·
Absolutely.
·
Definitely.
·
I couldn't agree more.
·
I know what you mean.
·
I suppose you’re right
Ketika kita merasa tidak
sependapat dengan opini orang lain, kita bisa mengatakan:
- Well, I don’t think so
- I don’t think that is true
- I disagree with …
- I wouldn’t say that
- Exactly not
- I can’t say so
- On contrary
- I don’t buy that idea
- I’m afraid I entirely disagree
- I can’t agree
- I don’t think it’s very good
- Surely not
- I am sorry, but I have to disagree
- I couldn’t agree less
- I’m not sure I can agree
Other expression of disagreeing
Useful
vocabulary for disagreeing
|
|
no
I don't agree that's not true I don't accept that |
Note: 'no' is
usually followed by a statement (see below)
(quite direct) (quite formal) |
Examples:
No, I don't think that's what happened. No, that's not a good idea. |
|
12. Fear, Anciety (ungkapan ketakutan, kegelisahan)
Fear
|
Respon
|
I am afraid
I am feared
I am scared
I am
terrified
The sound is
horrifying
|
Don’t be
afraid
There is
nothing to be afraid of
It is
nothing
|
Anciety
|
Respon
|
I am worried
about…
I am anxious
to know about…
I wondered
if…
That made me
worried
I have been
thinking about ….
I am afraid
if…
|
Take is easy
Calm down
I know you
are worried but…
It is not a
big deal
Don’t worry
Stay cool
|
13. Pain, Relief (ungkapan kesakitan, kelegaan)
Pain
|
Relief
|
Ouch!
That was
hurt
It is
painful
It hurts me
I’ve got a
backache/toothache/stomachache
I feel sore
all over
My eyes hurt
|
I’m very
relieved to hear…
Finally, it
was over
I feel
relieved
I feel much
better
I’m glad
it’s over
That’s a
great relief
I’m
extremely glad to hear…
Thank
goodness for that
Marvellous
What a
relief!
|
Other expressions
1. Expressions of Pain
•
I am suffering from a relapse.
•
I feel sick./I feel ill.
•
I’m sick.
•
Ugh, it’s very painful!
•
Oh, it’s killing me!
2. Expressions of Relief
•
It’s a relief to know that ....
•
Thank God for ....
•
I’m glad it was done.
•
Thank goodness!
•
Thank heavens!
•
I’m glad about …!
•
It’s a great relief!
•
Whew
14. Like/Love & Dislike/Hate (suka/cinta & tidak suka/benci)
Like
|
Dislike
|
I love it
I like it
I am keen on
it
I am crazy
about it
We all enjoy
(benda/noun/gerund)…is
my cup of tea
|
I don’t
really like it
I dislike it
I am not
really interested in…
I can’t
enjoy…
(benda/noun/gerund)…is
not my cup of tea
I can’t
stand
I hate it
|
Subject
|
Adverb
|
Verb
|
Noun
|
I
|
(really)
|
don't like
can't stand |
it
them ice cream Chinese food playing football watching TV |
About the adverb 'really'.
This adverb as we have seen is very useful in making what you say stronger. When talking about things you don't like though it can have a different meaning depending on where you put it in the sentence.
For example:
"I really don't like it!"
This means you have a strong dislike of something.
BUT
"I don't really like it."
This is not very strong. It means that you do not like something, but it is not a very strong dislike.
Language for expressing
likes
Subject
|
Adverb
|
Verb
|
Noun
|
Extra
|
I
|
(really)
|
like
love |
it
them ice cream Chinese food playing football watching TV |
a lot
|
15. Embarrassment & Annoyance (Ungkapan rasa malu, kejengkelan)
Embarrassment
|
Annoyance
|
I am
embarrassed
I feel
ashamed
Oh my God
Shame on me
I don’t feel
comfortable
I feel
awkward
|
I am annoyed
I had enough
with it
I can’t bear
it any longer
You made me
annoyed
You are such
a pain in the neck
You made me
sick
|
There are some other expressions you can use to show your annoyance.
Formal Situations
|
Informal Situations
|
I’m
extremely displeased with …
…
is very irritating.
I’m
extremely unhappy about this.
|
…
really makes me mad.
I
cannot stand …
Why
on earth he didn’t …?
|
There are some other expressions to show embarrassment, such as:
In Formal Situations In Informal
Situations
Formal Situations
|
Informal Situations
|
What an embarrassment!
I must say that it’s an embarrassment.
That’s a real embarrassment.
|
What a shame!
It’s my embarrassment to ...
I was so ashamed.
|
16. Request (permintaan)
Request
|
Acceptance
|
Refusal
|
Would it be
possible for you to
Would you be
so kind as to
Would
you…,please?
Would you
mind …?
Any chance
of…
Can you…?
|
I should be
delighted to come
By all means
I have no
objection
I’d be happy
to
Sure
Yeah
OK
No problem
Mmm
|
I regret to
say that we find ourselves unable to go
I’m afraid
it’s not possible
I’m afraid
not
Sorry
No, I won’t
Not likely
You must be
joking
|
Granting Request
In the dialogue between Ayu and
Palupi you fi nd the following expressions:
Ayu : Will you tell me about it?
Palupi : Sure, I
will.
Ayu : Let’s try to make lepat sometimes.
Palupi : OK.
Sure, I will and OK are
expressions to grant a request.
Here are other expressions that
you can use:
Alright.
Certainly.
Right away.
Of course.
17. Complaint, Blame (keluhan,menyalahkan)
Complaint
|
Blame
|
I’m not at
all satisfied with the service
I really
do/must objec to the service
I take great
exception to…
I want to
complain about…
This is
crazy!
|
You’re the
one to blame
It’s your
fault!
It’s your
mistake!
You’re wrong
I think
you're the only person who could have done it.
It's your
fault for (doing something).
|
There are a number of formulas used when complaining
in English. It's important to remember that a direct complaint or criticism in
English can sound rude or aggressive. It's best to mention a problem in an
indirect manner. Here are some of the most common:
·
I'm sorry to have to say this but...
·
I'm sorry to bother you, but...
·
Maybe you forgot to...
·
I think you might have forgotten to...
·
Excuse me if I'm out of line, but...
·
There may have been a misunderstanding about...
·
Don't get me wrong, but I think we should...
Expressing shocked disagreement
|
||||
But that's
|
ridiculous!
|
|||
unfair!
|
||||
unreasonable!
|
||||
A negative structure
|
||||
It's
|
just
|
not fair to charge us for the starters!
|
||
simply
|
||||
18. Regret, Apology (penyesalan, meminta maaf)
Regret
|
Apology
|
Much to my
regret
Sadly, I ….
Unfortunately
I’m terribly
sorry
I honestly
regret that I …
Sorry, I …
|
Please
accept my apologies for what I did
Please
forgive me for what I did
I am
extremely sorry
I really
must apologies
May I offer
you my sincerest apologies?
|
Language for saying sorry
|
|
To emphasise how you feel
|
Examples
|
I'm really sorry...
|
I'm really sorry, Pete, I didn't mean to lose your
book.
|
I'm so sorry...
|
I'm so sorry I forgot your birthday, Oliver!
|
To say why you're sorry
|
Examples
|
Sorry about...
|
Sorry about the mess. I'll clear up later.
|
Sorry for...
|
Sorry for taking your DVD.
|
To say sorry without using the words 'I'm sorry'!
|
|
I'd like to apologise for...
|
I'd like to apologise for the way I spoke to you
earlier.
|
Vocabulary around saying sorry
|
|
to apologise
to say sorry, to ask for forgiveness, to express regret
an exclamation
a word, phrase or sentence that is shouted out suddenly, often through surprise or anger
to hurt someone's feelings
to make someone feel upset or unhappy
a misunderstanding
this can mean 'a small disagreement'
trouble
unhappiness, distress, worry or danger
a hard time
a difficult time
to be out of order (informal)
to be impolite or rude |
|
19. Possibility & Impossibility (kemungkinan & ketidakmungkinan)
Menyatakan
Kemungkinan
|
Menanyakan
Kemungkinan
|
I think
there is possibility to …
I
sassume/believe…
In all
probability,…
it is going
to be possible for me to…
that will
probably …
it’s quite
possible …
|
Do you think
he/it could…?
Would you
say we’re capable of…?
Are you
capable of…?
Are you able
to…?
Do you have
any experience of…?
Can you…?
Do you know
how to…?
Do you think
you can…?
|
Expressions for Discussing Possibilities
• Would there be any possibility of …?
• Do you think we are capable of …?
• Would it be possible for (somebody) to …?
• I think that would be possible ....
• Is it possible to …?
• Yes, there is a possibility ....
NOTE :
1. Several
ways of indicating possibility are:
v It’s possible that he’ll win
the game.
v There’s a possibility of his
winning the game/ that he will win the game.
v possibly he hasn’t heard the
news yet.
v There is a good chance that
…..
v There is a little chance
that …..
v It is impossible
v Probably She is on the way
v May be he needs more time
v She might not be at home
2. Expressions
used to ask possibility or capability of doing something are:
v Would there be any
possibility of …..?
v Do you think we are capable
of ….?
v Is it possible for me to …?
v Are we capable enough to …?
3.
Expressions to show capability are :
v I’m capable of doing it
v I can do it
v There is a chance that I can
do it.
v I’m able to do it
v I have the ability to do it.
4.
Expressions to show incapability are:
v I can’t do it
v I’m not sure I’m capable of
doing it.
v I don’t think I have the
ability
v I don’t feel capable of
doing it
v I don’t know how to do it.
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